Welcome back! How was the exercise? I hope you actually did it because there are benefits from doing so particularly knowing how chords are derived and recognising whether a chord is major or minor by just examining the interval of the root and the 3rd and how it looks on the fret board.
Anyway, here are the answers:
C Dm Em F G Am Bdim (root+minor 3rd+flat 5th which is a half step below 5th)
Did you get all of most (or all) of them? If yes then congratulations. If no, don’t worry. It takes only a little practise in order to get used to it. So keep practising.
So the chords in the key of C major are as stated above. Let’s try putting it into a song (we don't have to use all of them although you can choose to). For the stanza, try C- G- Dm- G--4x; for the chorus C- G- Am- G- C- G- F- G; and for the bridge Am- G--3x – F-G-G
... and so on. The possibility is limitless. You can even put non-diatonic chords (chords that do not belong to a given key). For now just experiment by ear with any 'outsider' chords as there are many approaches to this. In music theory this is called modulation. But this is yet for a future topic. For now determine the chord progression for the other keys as an exercise to help you get used to this. Also, don’t forget to apply this knowledge—write songs of your own now!
Tip: Review the Major scale, write down on paper the major scale for any key of your choice (other than C), then list the chord progression for this, and voila!... you now have a list of chords to choose from which will fit into your song. No trial and error approach! Well, there is still but then you would have already filtered and narrowed down the chord choices to 7 (all of which fits into your song's key).
Application of things is the only true way to mastery. If you don’t use it, you lose it.
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